The UK’s mobile network providers will switch off their 3G and then 2G networks over the next few years. This page explains how suppliers of Internet of Things (IoT) and third-party devices can help their customers during this period of change.
What’s happening?
Mobile network operators (MNOs) have confirmed to the UK Government that they do not intend to offer 2G and 3G networks beyond 2033 at the latest. This will support the roll-out of 4G and 5G networks, which will offer faster and more reliable services for customers.
Each mobile provider is setting its own timetable for its 3G network switch-off. These timings might change, and you should check your mobile provider’s website for the latest update:
- Vodafone completed its switch-off in early 2024.
- EE completed its switch-off in early 2024.
- Three has switched off its 3G network across most of the UK.
- O2 is planning to switch-off 3G in 2025.
All MNOs have committed to switching off 2G by 2033 at the latest, and individual MNOs may decide to switch off services earlier than that deadline. All 2G and 3G devices will need to be upgraded to at least 4G. No MNO in the UK has announced specific plans for their 2G network switch-off following 3G switch off.
However, in 2025 O2 intends to start work to move almost all remaining traffic away from its 2G network. It won’t be switching 2G off completely for several years. For example, it will continue to use it for carrying emergency calls in more remote areas without 4G. As part of these plans O2 will withdraw access to its 2G and 3G networks to inbound roaming services from 1 October 2025. This means that 2G (as well as 3G) devices which use international roaming SIMs from overseas providers will no longer be able to connect to these O2 networks. O2 has not set a date for switching off its 2G network.
EE has announced it is beginning the process of contacting its business customers who use 2G to encourage and support migration. It has not set a date for 2G switch-off but it will not be until later this decade.
Our role and what we expect of mobile providers
While MNOs are responsible for the timing of the switch off process, we want to ensure that customers are treated fairly and can continue to access the services they need. With that in mind, we have set out how we expect (PDF, 284.4 KB) mobile providers to approach the switching off of their services. The document also explains the relevant regulatory requirements that providers will need to meet during this process.
The switch-off will affect many other devices too
As well as mobile phones, there are many other devices that use mobile networks to connect. These include telecare alarms, security alarms, fire alarms, ATMs and payment terminals.
While newer devices generally can use 4G, there are still many older devices that rely on older 2G and 3G technology.
Ofcom wants to make sure that customers can continue to access the services they need, with minimal disruption. We have engaged with different sectors about the network changes and written this advice for managing the change as a supplier.
Before reading this supplementary advice, please read our expectations of mobile providers.
Help customers through the change
If you provide a service (like telecare) that relies on 2G or 3G networks, then you are responsible for ensuring the continuity of service after 2G and 3G networks are switched off. This responsibility might be part of contractual obligations you have with your customers, as well as any regulatory requirements that already exist.
Most 3G devices will still be able to use 2G for voice calls and limited data services until the 2G networks are switched off. If a device has a SIM that can only work on a 3G network, you will need to upgrade it before the relevant MNO switches off their 3G network.
If a device uses 2G, or will use 2G after 3G is switched off, then you will need to develop a migration plan with the 2G switch-off timings in mind. If a device uses a roaming SIM you will need to undertake work to understand how planned changes to 2G and 3G networks may impact you (see section below for more detail).
You should also consider:
- communicating with customers to make them aware of any changes that may be required and by when they may need to happen; and
- taking any necessary steps to identify customers who could be affected by the switch-off and minimise any associated risks.
It might take a while to find and source suitable devices, such as 4G-capable, and in some cases physically replace the equipment you have installed. So it’s important to communicate clearly and give enough notice, using the plans published by MNOs.
Give more thought to roaming SIMs
Most SIMs are provided by a mobile network operator (like Vodafone, Three, O2 or EE), or by a virtual operator or reseller (like Lebara, Asda Mobile or Lycamobile). We expect these operators to work with third-party users of their networks to minimise disruption as 2G and 3G are switched off.
However, some of these devices rely on 2G or 3G ‘roaming SIMs’ (usually non-UK SIMs brought into the UK), which roam between the available mobile networks to provide data connectivity.
Service providers often choose these types of SIMs so they have access to all the operators’ networks, maximising the chance of getting good coverage and reliable connectivity for their service.
Because these service providers do not have a direct relationship with MNOs, and there’s often a long supply chain through various intermediaries, it isn’t as easy to tell everyone about the switch-off and make sure they upgrade their devices.
We understand that it might not be easy for MNOs to identify these services, given they are not their direct customers, and the SIMs might have been supplied by international partners.
It’s important that MNOs and other suppliers of mobile services (like roaming SIMs) work closely with their customers to minimise any disruption to services.
Suppliers and users of roaming SIMs should undertake work now to understand how planned changes to networks, such as O2’s withdrawal of inbound roaming services on its 2G and 3G networks, may impact their devices and customers.
Use our 3G ‘not-spot’ data
As providers switch off their 3G networks, we estimate that – as well as existing 'not spots' – a few more properties might lose access to a reliable, indoor, 3G-only mobile service from any network provider.
To help providers of services (especially telecare) identify any customers that could lose 3G connection, we have published a list of affected postcodes. The data does not apply to 3G devices that can also connect through 2G or 4G networks.
For telecare, this loss of 3G coverage might affect around 1-3% of a small number of devices that rely on 3G-only roaming SIMs, supplied by a provider outside the UK.
We will update this information as other networks confirm their switch-off plans.
Preparing for 2G switch-off
It is vital that providers using 2G/3G equipment are prepared by upgrading to at least 4G capable devices to ensure continuity of service. To support the migration preparations of industry sectors, we are highlighting the relevant 2G mobile coverage data we currently report.
This may help to indicate areas where device upgrades can be prioritised by service providers ahead of changes to 2G networks. However, this data should be regarded as indicative only, and not relied upon for the purposes of identifying exact locations. Providers may consider using it to support work they need to carry out to identify where devices upgrades should be prioritised.
O2 has announced that it will be withdrawing inbound roaming services on its 2G and 3G networks from October 2025. There are no changes to the 2G networks operated by EE and Vodafone. However, it is possible that Internet of Things (IoT) and third-party devices that use roaming SIMs may be impacted by O2’s planned change depending on the 2G coverage available from all MNOs at the device’s location.
Our open data files provide data on mobile coverage at a range of geographies (constituency, local authority, Nation) for a variety of metrics (indoor, outdoor, geographic), as well as the number of MNOs providing 2G coverage in the defined area. This data is not available at postcode level.
By way of example here is a snapshot of the constituency figures for 2G indoor coverage:
| Parliamentary constituency | 2G_prem_in_0 | 2G_prem_in_1 | 2G_prem_in_2 | 2G_prem_in_3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Great Yarmouth | 4.24 | 4.96 | 22.48 | 68.32 |
| Greenwich And Woolwich | 1.37 | 22.15 | 76.48 | |
| Guildford | 0.59 | 1.57 | 19.09 | 78.75 |
| Hackney North and Stoke Newington | 2.14 | 23.21 | 74.65 | |
| Hackney South and Shoreditch | 1.11 | 13.16 | 85.72 | |
| Halesowen | 0.17 | 5.18 | 20.45 | 74.2 |
The figures are percentages of properties that meet the criteria (e.g. 5% of properties in Halesowen get indoor 2G coverage from only 1 operator). A blank column entry signifies 0.0. Data as of September 2024.
We also have an API, based on postcode data. The voice results with ‘No4G’ should indicate 2G (and, where still relevant, 3G) voice. The result does indicate which MNO is providing services/coverage. Note it is not possible to undertake bulk downloads from the API.
Further information about these datasets can be found here.
It is critical to note that both of these coverage data sets, which are provided by the MNOs, are predictive only. These data sets also do not apply the more conservative approach to coverage data that was taken to create the 3G ‘not-spot’ data and is therefore less tailored to particular risks associated with, for example, telecare. The data sets are not definitive for the purposes of identifying properties that will become 2G not spots once O2 restricts 2G inbound roaming and must not be treated as such. Therefore, this data should be regarded as indicative only, and only used to support the work that providers need to undertake to identify where devices upgrades should be prioritised.
Encourage your industry body to develop guidance for your sector
In your sector, there might be other things to consider when approaching the 3G and 2G switch-off. So, we encourage industry bodies like trade associations to talk to their members and publish sector-specific guidance.
Here are some (but not all) types of device that could be affected by the switch-off:
Alarms
- Telecare
- Fire
- Security
Utilities
- Smart meters (domestic and business)
- Solar panel installations
- Monitoring of utilities networks (water, gas, electricity)
Vehicle-related connectivity
- eCall emergency service
- Electric vehicle charging points
- Telemetry/tracker devices
- Parking meters
- Bus ticketing machines
In January 2024 we wrote to local government organisations (PDF, 168.8 KB) and the telecare sector (PDF, 148.5 KB), to reiterate the importance that telecare and other service providers:
- are prepared for the changes; and
- work with organisations that use their services to identify customers who need a device upgrade.